Box cars are, of course, the most basic and critical car type for railroads. They allow the transportation of goods, protected from weather and from criminals. These were also called "house cars" (a term mostly used in the late 1800s and early 1900s as these were cars owned by the railroads directly). Box cars come in several configurations (e.g. number of doors), and some were built for a special use-case (e.g. transportation of automobile parts). Railroads use three types of box cars. These are non-insulated box cars, insulated box cars, and refrigerated box cars. In the modeling world, we tend to classify the latter as a "refrigerated car" or "reefer" for short; to keep our listing on this site organized, those are listed in their own category. As an interesting side note, box car interiors were never painted.
Below are links to the various reports that show all of the S-scale box cars ever produced. Click whichever report gets you to the information that wish to find. The bottom of this page has additional references that might be of interest.
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These definitions, in alphabetical order, may clarify some of the terms used in the reports linked-to above:
Click the red header text for the external web site, listed here in alphabetical order; the sentence below it provides a high-level description of what you will find on that web page.